One species can harm another species, but second species does not affect first species {amensalism}|.
One species can benefit another species, but second species does not affect first species {commensalism}|. Cardinal fish live in conches, shrimp live in sponge pores, Nomeus live in Portuguese man-o'-war tentacles, and hermit crabs use other shells. Epiphyte plants live on other plants but get food from air.
Two species can have close association for survival {mutualism}|.
Two species can have no relations {neutralism}|.
One species {parasite} {parasitism}| can live in or on, obtain nourishment from, and harm another species. Fish lice, hydroids, lamprey eels, and barnacles harm hosts. Mammals have no parasitism.
Two species can help each other get food {proto-cooperation}|.
Two species can live in close association {symbiosis}|. Crabs carry sea anemones, clownfish live in poisonous anemone tentacles, remoras use suction cups to hold onto sharks, pilot fish swim with sharks, and goby fish clean other fish. Symbiosis is more common in insects and other species without personality.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225